Software

Definition

The term is used to contrast with computer hardware, the physical objects (processor and related devices) that carry out the instructions.Software is any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations. Software is a general term. It can refer to all computer instructions in general, or to any specific set of computer instructions. 

Types of Softwares

• System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware, to provide basic functionality, and to provide a platform for running application software.
• Application software and scripts were historically defined as all the software that uses the computer system to perform useful work (or entertainment functions) beyond the basic operation of the computer itself. 
• Plugins and extensions are software that extends or modifies the functionality of another piece of software, and require that software be used in order to function;
• Embedded software resides as firmware within embedded systems, devices dedicated to a single use or a few uses such as cars and televisions.
• Microcode is a special, relatively obscure type of embedded software which tells the processor itself how to execute machine code, so it is actually a lower level than machine code.

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Hardware

                                                        Definitions

Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched. In contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.

Types

• Monitor: is a free open source software that monitors temperature sensors, fan speeds, voltages, load and clock speeds of a computer.
• Motherboard: is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other expandable systems.
• CPU(Central Processing Units): is the hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. 
• RAM(Random Acess Memory): is a form of computer data storage. A random-access device allows stored data to be accessed directly in any random order.
• Expansion Cards: is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an electrical connector, or expansion sloton a computer motherboard, backplane or riser card to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus.
• Power Supply: is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The term is most commonly applied to electric power converters that convert one form of electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy.
• Optical Disk Drive: is a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves within or near the visible light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. 
• Hard Disk Drive: is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. 
• Keyboard: is a typewriter-style device, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches.
• Mouse: is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensionalmotion relative to its supporting surface. 
• Speakers: are speakers external to a computer, that disable the lower fidelity built-in speaker. 
• Printer: is a peripheral which makes a representation of an electronic document on physical media.
• Scanner: is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image. 

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Operative System

The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

History

In the 1940s, the earliest electronic digital systems had no operating systems. In the early 1950s, a computer could execute only one program at a time. Early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could automatically run different programs in succession to speed up processing. Operating systems did not exist in their modern and more complex forms until the early 1960s.

Types

·         Single-user, single task - As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm handheld computers is a good example of a modern single-user, single-task operating system.

·         Single-user, multi-tasking - This is the type of operating system most people use on their desktop and laptop computers today. Microsoft's Windows and Apple's MacOS platforms are both examples of operating systems that will let a single user have several programs in operation at the same time. 

·         Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of the computer's resources simultaneously. The operating system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn't affect the entire community of users. 

Famous OS

Operates a smartphone, tablet, PDA, or other digital mobile device.Includes a touchscreen, cellular, Bluetooth, WiFi, GPS mobile navigation, camera, video camera, speech recognition, voice recorder, music player, Near field communication and Infrared Blaster.

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Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting is a form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes. It is a logical, systematic search for the source of a problem so that it can be solved, and so the product or process can be made operational again. Troubleshooting is needed to develop and maintain complex systems where the symptoms of a problem can have many possible causes. Troubleshooting is used in many fields such as engineering, system administration, electronics, automotive repair, and diagnostic medicine. 

Tractable and Intractable

  5 common computer problem:

1. blue screen of death (3soD)

2.missing DLL file

3.Application that wont install

4.application runs slowly

5. abnormal application behavior

Android

Android is an operating system based on the Linux kernel, and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.Android is open source and Google releases the source code under the Apache License.This open-source code and permissive licensing allows the software to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers, wireless carriers and enthusiast developers.Android allows users to customize their home screens with shortcuts to applications and widgets, which allow users to display live content, such as emails and weather information, directly on the home screen. Applications can further send notifications to the user to inform them of relevant information, such as new emails and text messages. 

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is technology and a branch of computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software.The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long term goals. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. Some subfields focus on the solution of specific problems. Others focus on one of several possible approaches or on the use of a particular tool or towards the accomplishment of particular applications.

Robotics

Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots,as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.The mathematical expression of a biological system may give rise to control algorithms for example, or by observing how a process is handled by nature, for example the bifocal vision system, an analogous system may be formed using electronics.

Robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue, research, design, and building new robots serve various practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. The study of biological systems often plays a key role in the Systems engineering of a project and also forms the field of Bionics.